Information Technology (IT) Vocabulary for ESL

The Information Technology Field is large and accounts for a lot of jobs. If English isnt your native language, it can be difficult to know what vocabulary you need to use for work or talking about the industry. You can find the right words in the Occupational Handbook provided by the United States Department of Labor, but looking through all of them can be overwhelming. To make things easier, here is a list of some of the most important English vocabulary items for the information technology field, selected from the Occupational Handbook. This list is by no means complete. However, it provides a good starting point to further explore the vocabulary youll use in the industry. Each word includes its ​part of speech. There are a number of suggestions at the end of the list to help you build on and further improve your vocabulary. Top Information Technology Vocabulary Ability - (noun)Accounting - (noun)Addition - (noun)Adequate - (adjective)Administrator - (noun)Advance - (noun / verb)Analysis - (noun)Analysts - (noun)Analyze - (verb)Annual - (adjective)Application - (noun)Architect - (noun)Area - (noun)Arise - (verb)Associate - (noun / verb)Background - (noun)Business - (noun)Carpal - (adjective)Carrier - (noun)Certification - (noun)Chapter - (noun)Chief - (noun)Code - (noun / verb)Common - (adjective)Communicate - (verb)Communication - (noun)Competitive - (adjective)Computer - (noun)Computing - (noun)Concentrate - (noun / verb)Considerable - (adjective)Consultant - (noun)Consulting - (noun)Coordinate - (verb)Create - (verb)Customer - (noun)Cyber - (adjective)Data - (noun)Database - (noun)Deal - (noun / verb)Decline - (verb)Demand - (noun / verb)Design - (noun)Designer - (noun)Detailed - (adjective)Determine - (verb)Developer - (noun)Development - (noun)Discussion - (noun)Effectively - (adverb)Efficiency - (noun)Electronic - (adjective)Employ - ( verb)Engineering - (noun)Engineer - (noun)Enterprise - (noun)Environment - (noun)Equipment - (noun)Expertise - (noun)Eyestrain - (noun)Finance - (noun)Financial - (adjective)Firm - (noun)Force - (noun / verb)Function - (noun)Goal - (noun)Graduate - (noun / verb)Hardware - (noun)Implementation - (noun)Install - (verb)Institution - (noun)Instruction - (noun)Insurance - (noun)Integrate - (verb)Intranet - (noun)Introductory - (noun)Involved - (adjective)Keyboard - (noun)Knowledge - (noun)Laboratory - (noun)Language - (noun)Latest - (superlative adjective)Lead - (noun / verb)Leadership - (noun)Level - (noun)Location - (noun)Lowest - (superlative adjective)Maintain - (verb)Maintenance - (noun)Marketing - (noun)Mathematics - (noun)Matrix - (noun)Median - (noun)Mobile - (adjective)Monitor - (noun / verb)Nature - (noun)Network - (noun)Networking - (noun)Officer - (noun)Office - (noun)Offshore - (adjective)Order - (noun / verb)Organization - (noun)Outsourcing - (noun)Oversee - (verb)Pdf - (no un)Perform - (verb)Performance - (noun)Period - (noun)Plan - (noun / verb)Prevailing - (adjective)Problem - (noun)Process - (noun / verb)Product - (noun)Program - (noun / verb)Programmer - (noun)Project - (noun)Projections - (noun)Promoted - (adjective)Prospect - (noun)Provide - (verb)Publishing - (noun)Rapid - (adjective)Reduce - (verb)Relevant - (adjective)Remote - (adjective)Replace - (verb)Research - (noun / verb)Resource - (noun)Respond - (verb)Rounded - (adjective)Sales - (noun)Science - (noun)Scientific - (adjective)Scientist - (noun)Section - (noun)Security - (noun)Service - (noun)Simultaneously - (adverb)Site - (noun)Software - (noun)Sophisticated - (adjective)Specialist - (noun)Specialized - (adjective)Specific - (adjective)Spend - (verb)Staff - (noun)Statistic - (noun)Substantial - (adjective)Sufficient - (adjective)Support - (noun / verb)Syndrome - (noun)System - (noun)Task - (noun)Technical - (adjective)Technician - (noun)Technological - (adjective)Technology - (noun)Te lecommunications - (noun)Title - (noun)Tool - (noun)Training - (noun)Transfer - (noun / verb)Uncommon - (adjective)Understanding - (noun)User - (noun)Variety - (noun)Vendor - (noun)Web - (noun)Webmaster - (noun)Wireless - (adjective)Worker - (noun)Workplace - (noun) Improving Your Vocabulary Tips Review each word in the list. Do you know its meaning? If not, look it up in the dictionary.Use each word in a sentence. Using a new word both when speaking and writing will help you remember it.Use the words to describe your job, or working in the information technology profession in general. How specific can you be? Which words do you need beyond this list? Make sure to keep track.Learn synonyms and antonyms by using an online thesaurus  to further extend your vocabulary.Use a visual dictionary. It  will help you learn the names of specific equipment used in the industry.Listen to co-workers and note how they use these words. Ask co-workers about new words when youre not sure.Ask co-workers questions about how new words are used at work.Search online for information about information technology. Listen to podcasts on the subject, read a blog about agriculture. Keep informed in English and your knowledge of related vocabulary will grow quickly.

How Shakespeare Portrays the Character of the King in...

How Shakespeare Portrays the Character of the King in William Shakespeares Henry V By writing this play, Shakespeare was hoping to inspire the people of England because at that time there was a possible threat of war from Spain or Ireland. He was trying to create the feeling of patriotism so writing about Henry was a good idea because he was the epitome of a brave, courageous king. He was able to inspire his men to great victories such as the Battle of Agincourt, where the English won against the odds. Many of the English were tired, fatigued before the battle and they were up against the best French knights. This play was made into a film during the Second World War to inspire the British†¦show more content†¦He says that Henry controls them like a man controlling his hound. Shakespeare continues this further by saying that they crouch at his side waiting for his command. Henry knows what his actions will bring. It suggests that Henry has the power to control the effects of war. At this time the Church was in some of trouble. Canterbury tells Ely about a bill, which could take land away from the church. Henry is now a true man of the Church and is likely to support the Church. But even so the cunning Bishop of Canterbury has a plan that will divert his mind from the bill, and that is Henrys possible claims to land in France. He says to Ely For I have made an offer to his majesty. If there is a war to get the land the Church will pay some money for the campaign. Also in the conversation between the bishops, it brings you up to date with what is currently happening. Henry had spent his youth (known as Prince Hal) mixing with bad company, filling up his time with riots, banquets, sports and did not behave like a prince or a possible future king. He was sociable who loved to go to public places, in particular taverns. Canterbury talks about Henry as if he were a strawberry that grows underneath the nettle. By this he means that under the influence of his one-time friends Henry was behaving like a common person. But now under eye of the lords he wasShow MoreRelatedEssay on William Shakespeares Henry V1606 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Henry V William Shakespeare is one of the most famous and influential writers of all time. His plays not only portray the past, but also aspects of love and hate, humour and tragedy. Henry V, written by Shakespeare, using Raphael Holinsheds historical chronicles, appealed to many of the citizens of that time, as it presented an insight into their countrys past, as well as feel-good nationalism. It would have been performed on stage at a timeRead MoreReligious Leadership In William Shakespeares King Henry V1450 Words   |  6 PagesName: Instructor’s name: Date: Subject: William Shakespeare: â€Å"King Henry V† Though William Shakespeare: â€Å"King Henry V† may not be one of the best of his plays, through the protagonist King Henry V he depicts an ideal image that leaders should seek religious guidance from religious leaders in the quest to rule. This is to provide guidance in their leadership and rule. Various scenes in the play are constructed to illustrate King Henry V Christian character like mercy, caring for the poor and his senseRead MoreEssay on The Flawed King in Shakespeares Henry V1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe Flawed King in Shakespeares Henry V To turn Henry V into a play glorifying war or a play condemning war would be to presume Shakespeares intentions too much. He does both of these and more in his recount of the historical battle of Agincourt. Although Shakespeare devotes the play to the events leading to war, he simultaneously gives us insight into the political and private life of a king. It is this unity of two distinct areas that has turned the play into a critical no mans landRead More Glorifying the Tudor Dynasty: Shakespeares Richard III and the Perfect Villain 998 Words   |  4 Pagestexts in the English language, rather than in Latin. Additionally, the Queen supported playwrights such as William Shakespeare, which lead to depictions of Elizabethan society in his plays. Consequently, influences from London and the royal family influenced plays such as Richard III. Specifically, the play affected the glorification of the Tudors, leading to the villanization of former king Richard III. This paper discusses an d argues the effects of Elizabethan England on the plot, villain, and genderRead MoreAnalysis Of Richard III : In Defense Of A Villain1677 Words   |  7 Pagesis just that, a story. Shakespeare wrote to entertain, and sometimes in order to captivate an audience, history must be embellished. For example, the events the play is based on spans 14 years, although the runtime of the play seems to suggest that it all took place within a few months. Even though this play is classified as historical, it fits more in the historical fiction genre as Shakespeare bases it on actual events but takes an artistic liberty with his characters. In Richard III, due toRead MoreThe Historical Accuracy of Henry V by William Shakespeare Essay2120 Words   |  9 PagesHistorical Accuracy of Henry V  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henry V, written by William Shakespeare, is by far one of his more historically accurate plays. This play is the life of young King Henry V, who ascended to the throne after his father, Henry IVs death. These times were much different for England, as Henry V was a noble lord whom everyone loved, whereas angry factions haunted his fathers reign. Shakespeare portrays a fairly accurate account of the historical Henry V, but certain parts areRead MoreKing Henry V As The Mirror Of All Christian Kings2043 Words   |  9 PagesIn this week’s first lecture we opened by watching the prologue from a production of Henry V. We discussed how this plays setting is that of some years after Henry IV. The present king Henry is the matured prince Hal from the last story. Shakespeare referred to King Henry V as â€Å"the mirror of all Christian kings, as he is a reflection of what Christian kings should be. We then talked about the essence of how this grand type of story could be effectively performed in a small wooden theater. We talkedRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare: The Three Weird Sisters1189 Words   |  5 Pagesthe loss of innocence. In Macbeth, Shakespeare demonstrates that knowledge inspires reckless ambition, which, in humanity’s fallibility, is bound to suppress morality in favour of selfish desire. Firstly, the characters of the three Weird Sisters are symbolic of Satan, using knowledge to bring needless suffering into the world. Secondly, the character of Lady Macbeth, symbolic of Eve, becomes insane as a result of intrapersonal conflict. Finally, the character of Macbeth is symbolic of Adam, rejectingRead More The Use of Flashback in Kenneth Branaghs Henry V Essay1846 Words   |  8 PagesKenneth Branaghs Henry V    In Kenneth Branaghs film adaptation of William Shakespeares Henry V flashback is used at key moments to comment on the action and to explain points in Henrys past, and how that past effects his present judgment. Certain scenes and lines are borrowed from parts one and two of Shakespeares Henry IV to do this. The result is an amalgam of scenes, lines, and characters which brings about a telling expose of Henry V, and the man he was before becoming king of England.Read More William Shakespeares Use of Song in the Early Comedies3188 Words   |  13 PagesShakespeares Use of Song in the Early Comedies Undertaken to determine what features make a song germane to the story in successful musical theater, this study outlines some characteristics of Shakespeares use of song. Chosen from the plays with which the present author is most familiar-the early comedies-are three substantial pieces (each headed in the play by either Song or sing, and each with at least two stanzas and refrain): You Spotted Snakes, Sigh No More, and Under the Greenwood

Sociology Paper on Society Free Essays

string(75) " have more money than less fortunate people, they should share the wealth\." Sociology Final Exam Paper Sociology Paper on Society â€Å"Human beings are fascinated with the world in which they live, and they aspire to develop ways to explain their experiences. People appear to have always felt this fascination-along with the intense desire to unravel the world’s mysteries-for people in ancient times also attempted to explain their worlds†(Henslin 8). Sociology is about understanding how people act as a society and how we, as people, treat our fellow human beings. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Paper on Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now The symbolic interactionist perspective, also known as symbolic interactionism, directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, figuring out what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other. Although symbolic interactionism traces its origins to Max Weber’s assertion that individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their world, the American philosopher George H. Mead introduced this perspective to American sociology in the 1920s. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols. Verbal conversations, in which spoken words serve as the main symbols, make this subjective interpretation especially evident. The words have a certain meaning for the â€Å"sender,† and, during effective communication, they hopefully have the same meaning for the â€Å"receiver†. Words are not static things and they require intention and interpretation. Conversation is an interaction of symbols between individuals who constantly interpret the world around them. Of course, anything can serve as a symbol as long as it refers to something beyond itself. Think of applying symbolic interactionism to the American institution of marriage, the symbols may include wedding bands, vows of life-long commitment, a white bridal dress, a wedding cake, a Church ceremony, and flowers. American society attaches general meanings to these symbols, but people also maintain their own perceptions of what these and other symbols mean. For example, one of the spouses may see their circular wedding rings as symbolizing never ending love, while the other may see them as a just a financial expense. Bad communication can result from differences in the perception of the same events and symbols. Critics claim that symbolic interactionism neglects the macro level of social interpretation, which is the big picture. In other words, symbolic interactionists may miss the larger issues of society by focusing too closely on the size of the diamond in the wedding ring rather than the quality of the marriage. The perspective also receives criticism for slighting the influence of social norms and institutions on individual interactions. According to the functionalist perspective, also called functionalism, each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society’s functioning as a whole. The government, or state, provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. That is, the family is dependent upon the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so that they can raise and support their own families. In the process, the children become law-abiding, taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state. On the other hand, Functionalists believe that society is held together by social consensus, or cohesion, in which members of the society agree upon, and work together to achieve, what is best for society as a whole. Emile Durkheim suggested that social consensus takes one of two forms, one being Mechanical Solidarity, which is a form of social cohesion that arises when people in a society maintain similar values and beliefs and engage in similar types of work. Mechanical solidarity most commonly occurs in traditional, simple societies such as those in which everyone herds cattle or farms. The Amish society exemplifies mechanical solidarity. In contrast, the other being Organic solidarity, which is a form of social cohesion that arises when the people in a society are interdependent, but hold to varying values and beliefs and engage in varying types of work. Organic solidarity most commonly occurs in industrialized, more immense societies such as those in large American cities like New York City. The functionalist perspective achieved its greatest popularity among American sociologists in the 1940s and 1950s. While European functionalists originally focused on explaining the inner workings of social order, American functionalists focused on discovering the functions of human behavior. Among these American functionalist sociologists is Robert Merton, who divides human functions into two types, manifest functions are intentional and obvious. The manifest function of attending a church or synagogue, for instance, is to worship as part of a religious community. With common sense, manifest functions become easily apparent. A sociological approach in functionalism is the consideration of the relationship between the functions of smaller parts and the functions of the whole. Functionalism has received criticism for neglecting the negative functions of an event such as divorce. Critics of this perspective also claim that the perspective justifies the status quo and complacency on the part of society’s members. Functionalism does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit them. Instead, functionalism sees active social change as undesirable because the various parts of society will compensate naturally for any problems that may arise. The conflict perspective, which originated primarily out of Karl Marx’s writings on class struggles, presents society in a different light than the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives. While these latter perspectives focus on the positive aspects of society that contribute to its stability, the conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, avoid social change, and believe people cooperate to effect social order, conflict theorists challenge the status quo, encourage social change, and believe rich and powerful people have more control of society than the poor and the weak. Conflict theorists, for example, feel that society should have a more equal balance to it, meaning if the rich have more money than less fortunate people, they should share the wealth. You read "Sociology Paper on Society" in category "Essay examples" American sociologists in the 1940s and 1950s generally ignored the conflict perspective in favor of the functionalist. They also expanded Marx’s idea that the key conflict in society was strictly economic. Today, conflict theorists find social conflict between any groups in which the potential for inequality exists, such as racial, gender, religious, political, and economic. Conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against one another. This constant competition between groups forms the notion of how our society as a whole is constantly changing. Men, especially in today’s society, are seen as the more important and intelligent gender while woman are seen as the warm, caring, and responsible gender. â€Å"As examination of the work women did before beginning car sales show that most had traditional women’s careers, such as teaching, waitressing, social work, retail sales, and secretarial jobs. These occupations primarily involved service to others and paid low wages†(Henslin 205). This is especially true in the United States, in which many states have low wages for women and higher wages for men. Men tend to have a job that requires strength and knowledge, whereas women are classified as either the stay at home, nurturing mother, or the waitress or secretary like how Helene Lawson discussed in, Down to Earth Sociology. The supposed fundamental differences between sexes have historically been used as an argument against equal rights, notably in the opposition to women’s suffrage. More recently Neuro-scientific researchers have claimed that essential differences between the male and female brain have been uncovered, evidenced by neuro-imaging that suggests differing brain structures. The differences are how women and men tend to act, and how they act differently in society, therefore society views them differently and discriminates. However, the research is not as clear as it may first appear, no participant of a study can be isolated from the affects of socialization. The widely held belief that male and female brains function in different ways is based upon the conclusions of a small minority of studies, conclusions usually dismissed. Sociologists have relied upon the notion of a universal, innate, human nature, a nature that includes gender divisions, in society. Our society is patriarchal, our institutions, our traditions, our everyday lives, are filled with examples of men in positions of authority over women. You are born and take your father’s surname. You marry, and tradition holds that a father gives away his daughter to become the wife of a man whose name she shall adopt. Until very recently, it is the man in a relationship who holds financial control, and the woman who takes the responsibility for the home and the children. When a woman goes out to work she earns, on average, usually less than her male counterpart, is less likely to receive a promotion, and is likely to receive a smaller pension. If a woman is a wife and/or mother, she will also, on average, continue to take responsibility for the home and the family in addition to her paid employment. The decisions made on our behalf by representatives in unions, councils, and governments that are made predominantly by men. Despite the now higher proportion of female law graduates to their male counterparts, our legal system remains dominated by men. Equality differences can even be seen at birth, where male babies are described as being smart and strong, and the female babies are often given pink clothing, and referred to as cute, warm. To when they grow up, being a female baby, beauty is important, â€Å"Its sad but true that grade school teachers tend to judge their pupils largely on the basis of their looks†(Henslin 344). These associations, implicit in our society, have deep implications when it comes to gender equality. Research has demonstrated that when equally qualified men and women apply for identical jobs, the gender associations of the vacancy is a key factor in determining who will be successful, women therefore are at a disadvantage in many areas of employment from the outset, as the attributes of a successful worker are typically seen as masculine, while a woman may be perfectly suited to the role in question, her talents are far less likely to be recognized than they would be in a man. Feminism, which is the idea of equality between men and women, has become more prevalent because of the fact that women are being treated more as sex symbols than people in advertisements and in society in general, in the U. S. Feminism is a misconception, when thought of as women are better then men so they should have more rights, it is mainly just equality. The feminist’s just want to have, â€Å"equal rights within the current political and social structure†(Tuana 1). Feminists had movements dating back to the sixties, that were against inequality between genders, â€Å"The National Organization for Women forms in 1966, petitioning to stop sex segregation of want ads and one year later to request federally funded childcare centers†(Tuana 1). Women and men function as human beings in the U. S and in society in general and should be treated as equals, not discriminated because of one’s sex. Social stratification in American Society is not clearly defined or determined, nevertheless social scientists has developed a socio-economic stratification of the American society. Americans believe in a three-class society, the rich, poor and the middle class and most Americans consider themselves as middle class. In reality American society is more diverse and there is an extensive difference among people. The basic determinants that make social class are wealth, education, income and occupation. Some sociologists have divided the American society in six distinct categories including: rich or the upper class, upper middle class, lower middle class, lower class and poor and under class. It is believed that the people who belong to the same social class share similar social positions, similar ways of thinking and life styles, others oppose this idea and believe that we cannot generalize characteristic of the people to one another. Social class creates a hierarchy for the people of each class, as a way of identifying which level each person falls in. One of the indications of the social class in America is income in terms of either individual or household and is one of the most important indicators of social class. Most students from working-class homes who are striving to better their situations in life become discouraged at the many obstacles in their paths†(Henslin 383). Families who have two income earners are in a better position for their children to succeed in school. Per capita income, which means the amount of money allocated to each individual member, is also another important determinant in social stratification. It can be said the families who have f ewer members are in a better position. Another indication in social stratification is education in which there is a relation with the occupation and income. Higher education means that one needs money and to pay tuition, so it is clear that most of the time the families who are better off can afford a better education for their children, they can pay for better schools and private schools, colleges and universities. As the result there is connection between money and education for a higher chance to succeed. One of the most prominent features of social class is culture, people of the same social class tend to have similar ways of behavior even though this behavior and culture is not something fixed. There is diversity inside the same social group as well. One of the important terms in American culture and literature is the concept of Social Status. Another important characteristic of American social class is achieved status rather than the described statues, it means that regardless of his or her original statues, one can become rich and successful and climb the social ladder. But in reality this idealistic view cannot be completely true, many people of color are still suffering the racial prejudices and as a result they cannot have the proper education and a good occupation which is perhaps the most important class component. These people have lower income and the cycle will continue to the later generations. Despite the existing injustice and inequalities, America is considered land of opportunity. Thought this belief is exaggerated, Americans have improved their economic situation with their hard working and persistence. Despite what sociologists call a â€Å"deficit of cultural capital,† through determined hard work, native ability, and perseverance some members of the working class manage to attain social mobility†(Henslin 383). The different social classes can define one’s income, occupation, and the kind of friends one would make, usually these classes do not mix socially, the upper classes will not mingle with lower middle class es and middle classes tend not to associate with low/poor classes. From the sociological perspectives, regarding symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and conflict theory, to feminism and gender equality, to social stratification, these similar aspects of sociology define how we as humans perceive each other and how society is structured into different classes and how gender plays a important role in society. Sociology has different perspectives from each sociologist, ranging from Max Weber to Durkheim to Frazier to Karl Marx. Society works on a basis of how each member of it chooses to act, and how the certain classes interact with each other and form us, as human beings. Similar essay: Our Changing Society How to cite Sociology Paper on Society, Essay examples

Design validation of information security - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: 1. Identification of information assets of A4A. 2. Identification of InfoSec risks associated with the information assets. 3. Can these risks be different depending on the member institution where a member works? Answer: Answer 1: Information asset of an organisation is the organisations system information that stays managed and organized as a unit. The information asset of the considered organisation are discussed as follows: Financial information: The method by which the firm collects the donation from the public for its operations. The cost associated with its activities and projects (Peltier 2016). All the financial information such as financial reports and accounting data. Services: The services that the considered organisation offers is also included in the list of their informational data. The short-term or long-term assignments, marked assignments, emails and exams they get from their member institutions are also included. Research and development done for the organisation and its member institutions are also its information assets. Operations: The recruiting process as a member of the organisation. The test, the interviewing methods and the training material they provide to their new members are included in this category. Documentation and software used for the purposes mentioned above are also included in their information assets. EDM (Enterprises Data Management): EDM refers the efficacy of a firm to develop, upgrade, manage and disseminate information for all application, time requirement of entities, data delivery accuracy and the processes. The ultimate goal of the former is to avoid any issues or conflict developed as a result of mismanagement. The protocols and system of an EDM is an informational asset of the A4A. Members Information: The members of A4A and their details that have been kept by A4A is their informational asset. The details of the member staffs and their relation and dependency on the firm and vice versa is also an informational asset of the firm. Answer 2: Assessment of the information security threats of information assets is critical to design the security system for the assets. The threats that may be associated with the assets are discussed as follows. Administrative/Personal threats: These treats for the organisation may arise if any of the 10-member staff decided to go rogue. The members may use the organisations information for their personal use or malicious purposes (AlHogail 2015). The members are authorized to access the specific information (like emails, exams and marked assignments) which they can tamper with. Theft of the hardware or resources also is a possible information security threats. Network: Eavesdropping or wiretapping are some of the network-related security threats to the information. These situations can be developed while communications equipment or the lines are facing errors. Spying and spoofing also are network related information security threats to the organisation. Hardware: Failure of the necessary hardware at the headquarter and the branch office may put their information assets at risk. The considered situation can be great danger if the firm is still operational over the primitive methods. The failure will also have a negative impact on the firm economically. Software: Failure to the software that holds or processes the assignments, proposals, members information may also arise informational security threats. The considered systems will influence the operations of the firm and keep the operations on hold. Recovering the lost data or getting the software to work again is a complex task that may take a lot of effort and time. Environmental and physical security: Any destruction caused due to human-made or natural disaster also puts the information security at risk (Shameli-Sendi, Aghababaei-Barzegar and Cheriet 2016). Answer 3: The risk may not differ depending on the member institution. Though, it can be stated the chances of arousal of a particular risk may differ depending on the member institution. The reason for stating that is that the environmental/physical risks are associated with the climate of the country in which the member institution is established. In the considered case A4As Australian branch is more vulnerable to environmental threat than Singapore. Network related information threats depend upon the bandwidth (which differs in different countries). The following example can explain this threat; Singapore uses more bandwidth than Australia, hence the network related security threats can be optimised in Singapore much more comfortably than in Australia (NewsComAu, 2018). On the other hand, threats like personal threats are standard for all firms irrespective of their location or method of operation. The reason for stating the statement mentioned above is that personal threats refer to the threat proposed by the employees. Hence, it cannot be predicted. The same can be assumed for hardware and software threats. Henceforth it is recommended that the information security policy should be developed taking consideration of the different threats proposed to it. Though some part of the policy can be kept constant to tackle the threats that are common for different firms. References: AlHogail, A., 2015. Design and validation of information security culture framework.Computers in human behavior,49, pp.567-575. NewsComAu. (2018).Its not just you download speeds are low Down Under. [online] Available at: https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/nbn/australian-download-speeds-languish-in-50th-place-behind-new-zealand-thailand-and-kenya/news-story/8df36cfaaff9c36669566513b0dbc38a [Accessed 6 Jan. 2018]. Peltier, T.R., 2016.Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press. Shameli-Sendi, A., Aghababaei-Barzegar, R. and Cheriet, M., 2016. Taxonomy of information security risk assessment (ISRA).Computers Security,57, pp.14-30.